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This will be limited to: i oxidation with FehlingТs or BenedictТs solution, TollensТ reagent and acidified dichromate(VI) ions ii reduction with lithium tetrahydridoaluminate (lithium aluminium hydride) in dry ether iii nucleophilic addition of HCN in the presence of KCN, using curly arrows, relevant lone pairs, dipoles and evidence of optical activity to show the mechanism iv the reaction with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine and its use to detect the presence of a carbonyl group and to identify a carbonyl compound given data of the melting temperatures of derivatives v iodine in the presence of alkali. 3 Carboxylic acids a give some examples of molecules that contain the carboxylic acid functional group b explain the physical properties of carboxylic acids in relation to their boiling temperatures and solubility due to hydrogen bonding c describe the preparation of carboxylic acids to include oxidation of alcohols and carbonyl compounds and the hydrolysis of nitriles d describe and carry out, where appropriate, the reactions of carboxylic acids. This will be limited to: i reduction with lithium tetrahydridoaluminate (lithium aluminium hydride) in dry ether (ethoxyethane) ii neutralization to produce salts, eg to determine the amount of citric acid in fruit iii phosphorus(V) chloride (phosphorus pentachloride) iv reactions with alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst, eg the preparation of ethyl ethanoate as a solvent or as pineapple flavouring. 4 Carboxylic acid derivatives a demonstrate an understanding that these include acyl chlorides and esters and recognise their respective functional groups, giving examples of molecules containing these functional groups b describe and carry out, where appropriate, the reactions of acyl chlorides limited to their reaction with: i water ii alcohols iii concentrated ammonia iv amines c describe and carry out, where appropriate, the reactions of esters. 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