ࡱ> oqnq` -bjbjqPqP 8d::%Z#####T 0(#$$$$%X/& ;&0000000$1h 4`50''%%''''50$$J01*1*1*''$$01*''01*1*1*$# ̥#E(B1*.4`0001*4)41*1*>4o+lC&"e&1*}&&C&C&C&5050'* C&C&C&0'''''''' DB BD*,V 2.13 Green Chemistry 2.13a(i) Changing to renewable resources useSuitable chemicalNon-renewable Raw materialAlternative chemicalRenewable raw materialfueldieselCrude oilbiodieselCorn (plants)solventethanolCrude oilethanolSugar (plants)Supermarket bagpolyetheneCrude oilzorbixStarch (plants)clothingnylonCrude oillyocellWood (trees)Cardboard gluePVACrude oilStarch glueStarch (plants) HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrugated_board" \o "Corrugated board" Corrugated board adhesives are the next largest application of non-food starches globally. Starch  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glue" \o "Glue" glues are mostly based on unmodified native starches plus some additive as  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borax" \o "Borax" borax and caustic soda. Part of the starch is gelatinized to carrier slurry of uncooked starches and prevent sedimentation. This opaque glue is called a SteinHall adhesives. The glue is applied on tips of the fluting. The fluted paper is pressed to paper called liner. This is then dried under high heat, which causes the rest of the uncooked starch in glue to swell/gelatinize. This gelatinizing makes the glue a fast and strong for corrugated board production. Source  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starch" http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starch Task 2.13a(i) Describe how PVA can be made from crude oil and place your answer at  HYPERLINK "http://wiki.answers.com/Q/How_is_polyvinyl_acetate_extracted_from_crude_oil&src=ansTT" http://wiki.answers.com/Q/How_is_polyvinyl_acetate_extracted_from_crude_oil&src=ansTT  HYPERLINK "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/66/Polyvinyl_acetate_formula.png"  INCLUDEPICTURE "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/66/Polyvinyl_acetate_formula.png" \* MERGEFORMATINET modified from source:  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Polyvinyl_acetate_formula.png" http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Polyvinyl_acetate_formula.png 2.13a(ii) Alternatives to hazardous chemicals The health of workers in the chemical industry is of critical importance. Below is an extract from an organisation which promotes industrial safety by suggesting alternative chemical reagents or processes. A study published by the Toxics Use Reduction Institute (TURI) at the University of Massachusetts demonstrates that there are less costly and nontoxic alternatives to five heavily used hazardous chemicals lead, formaldehyde, perchloroethylene, hexavalent chromium and di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP). The chemicals are widely used in the dry-cleaning, wire and cable, metal finishing, healthcare, cosmetology and other industries. TURI conducted an alternatives assessment comparing the five chemicals with approximately 100 alternatives within 16 applications. For example, formaldehyde, a known cause of cancer in humans and used by beauty and barber shops as a sanitizer, was compared to two alternatives ultra violet light cabinets and storing implements in a dry, disinfected, covered container without formaldehyde. Source:  HYPERLINK "http://ehstoday.com/safety/chemical/ehs_imp_38339/" http://ehstoday.com/safety/chemical/ehs_imp_38339/ e.g. Lead Heat stabilizers for PVC wire and cable coatings Lead heat stabilizers used for polyvinyl chloride (PVC) constitute the largest use of lead compounds in Massachusetts manufacturing, and the wire and cable industry is the largest user of these compounded resins. The Institute gathered information on five categories of alternative heat stabilizers: calcium-zinc, barium-zinc, magnesium-zinc, magnesium aluminum hydroxide carbonate hydrate, and magnesium zinc aluminum hydroxide carbonate. From these categories, the Institute selected five representative heat stabilizer products and conducted an environmental health and safety assessment of their constituent materials. Many of these constituent materials were found to be superior to lead from a human health and environmental perspective. Costs of mixed metal heat stabilizers have decreased in recent years, such that a transition to a mixed metal heat stabilizer may be cost neutral. Where a cost differential exists, it is estimated at 10% or less. Source:  HYPERLINK "http://www.turi.org/library/turi_publications/five_chemicals_study/final_report/executive_summary_of_five_chemicals_study#HeatstabilizersforPVCwireandcablecoatings" http://www.turi.org/library/turi_publications/five_chemicals_study/final_report/executive_summary_of_five_chemicals_study#HeatstabilizersforPVCwireandcablecoatings 2.13a(iii) Catalysts and higher atom economies Ethanoic acid can be made by the oxidation of ethanol by manganate (VII). 5CH3CH2OH + 4MnO4- + 12H+ ( 5CH3COOH + 4Mn2+ + 11H2O Atom economy =5*Mr ethanol *100 / 5* Mr ethanol + 4*Mr MnO4- + 12 MrH+ = 5*46*100 / ((5*46)+(4*54.9) + (12*1)) = 23000/(230+219.6 + 12) = 23000/461.6 = 49.8% This process involves a lot of waste. An industrial process with no waste is: CH3CH2OH + CO ( CH3CH2COOH Here the atom economy is 100%, so there is no waste. Cobalt was used as a catalyst but 300oC and 700 atm pressure was needed. The use of rhodium eased conditions to 150oC and 30 atm pressure, but the metal is more expensive than gold and it allows side reactions. Iridium is now used as it is cheaper, more active and more specific. Task2.13a(iv) Calculate the atom economy of the following reactions: (a) CH3CH2OH + CO ( CH3CH2COOH (b) 3 CH3CH2 CH2OH + 16H+ + 2Cr2O72- ( 3 CH3CH2COOH + 2Cr3+ + 11H2O Explain why (a) is better for the industrial manufacture of methanoic acid and why iridium is the best catalyst. 2.13a(iv) Efficient use of energy EDEXCEL AS Chemistry p246/247 Energy is used for: Energy loss comes from: Heat recovery means: Reaction condition choice: Combined heat and power means: Use of microwaves 2.13a(v) Environmental protection Limits on hazarous chemicals released into the environment are constantly tightened to promote health. Industry also faces the need to reduce waste as disposal is expensive. Industries recycle substances like metal, plastic and glass and also receive recycled materials from the community. This saves cost for energy and raw material.  HYPERLINK "http://web.israel21c.net/bin/en.jsp?enDispWho=Articles%5El1663&enPage=BlankPage&enDisplay=view&enDispWhat=object&enVersion=0&enZone=Technology&" http://web.israel21c.net/bin/en.jsp?enDispWho=Articles%5El1663&enPage=BlankPage&enDisplay=view&enDispWhat=object&enVersion=0&enZone=Technology& Task1.13a(v) How is hazardous waste normally treated and what are the advantages of the above Israeli process? EDEXCEL AS Chemistry p241 2.13b The relative effects of greenhouse gases The total effect on warming of a gas will depend on its concentration in the atmosphere, its ability to absorb IR radiation, and its half life in the atmosphere. EDEXCEL AS Chemistry p241  HYPERLINK "http://www.airquality.co.uk/archive/index.php" http://www.airquality.co.uk/archive/index.php Task1.13b Which is the most dangerous greenhouse gas 2.13c Anthropogenic and natural climate change The Earth has warmed and cooled many times in the past. Anthropogenic causes are those due to human activity. Natural causes include the Suns activity, the release of CO2 by volcanoes and the dissolving of CO2 in the oceans. EDEXCEL AS Chemistry p236/237 Graph showing Global warming is anthropogenic  HYPERLINK "http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/investigations/esu501/esu501page02.cfm?chapter_no=investigation" http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/investigations/esu501/esu501page02.cfm?chapter_no=investigation Graph showing Global warming not anthropogenic  HYPERLINK "http://biocab.org/Global_Warming.html" http://biocab.org/Global_Warming.html Task 2.13c Most scientists believe that global warming is due to human activity but what is the most convincing evidence for this position and the evidence which causes most doubt? 2.13d Carbon neutrality and carbon footprints A carbon neutral fuel releases carbon dioxide equal to the carbon dioxide absorb in its formation. Wood burnt close to where it was grown is carbon neutral. Crude oil absorbs carbon dioxide in its formation but energy is used in refining it to fuel so petrol etc is not carbon neutral. Also the time scale involved makes crude oil products doubtful as candidates for being carbon neutral. The carbon footprint of an object or activity is the amount of carbon dioxide released over its lifetime. It can also be the Amount of carbon dioxide released by a person in a year. Both are measured in terms of mass of carbon dioxide. Task 2.13d Calculate your carbon footprint.  HYPERLINK "http://campaigns.direct.gov.uk/actonco2/home.html?utm_source=google&utm_medium=cpc&utm_term={keyword}&utm_campaign=defra2008Q2&gclid=CNCpw_mHvJkCFQ5GQwodsWHc5w" http://campaigns.direct.gov.uk/actonco2/home.html?utm_source=google&utm_medium=cpc&utm_term={keyword}&utm_campaign=defra2008Q2&gclid=CNCpw_mHvJkCFQ5GQwodsWHc5w 2.13e Carbon neutrality and fuels Task 2.13e In what way are bioethanol, hydrogen fuel and wind turbines not carbon neutral? Suggest a fuel that is more carbon neutral. 2.13f Justifying CFC bans using evidence Ozone can be destroyed in reactions with other radicals e.g. from CFCs. CCl2F2 ( .CClF2 +Cl. 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