The lungs
You should be able to:
8.01describe how the structure of the thorax enables ventilation of the lungs
and efficient gas exchange (to
include trachea, cartilage rings, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, diaphragm, ribs
and intercostal muscles)
8.02 describe the process of inhaling (breathing in)
8.03 explain how the membrane lining the internal surface of the nose and lungs
traps dirt particles and bacteria
and the role of the cilia in eliminating these
8.04 explain how cigarette smoke can lead to emphysema
8.05 describe how the tar in cigarette smoke contains carcinogens, which can
cause lung cells to mutate to form
lung cancer
8.06 describe some methods people can use to help them to give up smoking
The circulation
You should be able to:
8.07 describe the main features of the circulatory system to include the
circulation to the lungs and
circulation to the rest of the body
8.08 explain how the structure of a red blood cell relates to its function
8.09 explain how the structure of the heart relates to its function, including
the role of the valves
8.10 recall that the coronary vessels supply the heart muscle with glucose and
oxygen
8.11 recall that a pulse is caused by blood pumping along an artery from the
heart
8.12 describe how the structure of arteries and veins relate to their function
8.13 explain how substances are transferred by diffusion between tissues and
capillaries
8.14 explain the effects of life style and diet on the circulatory system
8.15 describe the general effects of heart disease and arteriosclerosis
8.16 understand how insulin produced by the pancreas regulates the glucose
concentration in the blood
8.17 explain the advantages to diabetics of the use of human insulin produced
by genetically modified
bacteria
Resiration, energy and exercise
You should be able to:
8.18 recall that aerobic respiration provides energy for work
8.19 explain how glucose and oxygen diffuse from capillaries into respiring
cells, and how carbon dioxide
diffuses from respiring cells into capillaries
8.20 explain why heart rate and breathing rate increase with exercise and
interpret data on these measurements
8.21 explain why respiration is increased in exercising muscles and why
diffusion of oxygen and carbon
dioxide at the lung surface and muscle cells is increased
8.22 explain why during vigorous exercise, muscle cells may not receive
sufficient oxygen for their energy
requirements
8.23 understand that during anaerobic respiration, glucose is changed to lactic
acid and energy is released
8.24 recall that lactic acid causes muscle cramp
8.25 explain why extra oxygen is needed to remove the lactic acid (oxygen debt)
Misuse of drugs
You should be able to:
8.26 recall the effects of steroid abuse in young people and athletes
Inherited diseases
You should be able to:
8.27 describe the mechanism of
inheritance of some genetic disorders, to include cystic fibrosis
and sickle cell anaemia
8.28 recall the symptoms of cystic fibrosis
8.29 recall the symptoms of sickle cell anaemia
8.30 explain the potential of gene therapy for the relief of symptoms of
inherited diseases such as cystic
fibrosis
8.31 understand why gene therapy would not prevent the disease from being passed
on to the next generation
8.32 explain how genetic counselling and pedigree analysis can identify
carriers; discuss the moral
and spiritual dilemmas relating to testing of fetuses for genetic disease