The digestive system
You should be able to:
carry out tests for starch, sugar and protein
1.01 describe the functions of the parts of the digestive system
- salivary gland, oesophagus (gullet), stomach, small intestines, large intestines, pancreas, liver and gall bladder
1.02 describe the functions of enzymes (carbohydrase, protease, lipase) and bile
in digestion
1.03 describe how the structure of villi helps the efficient absorption of the
soluble products of digestion
The blood
You should be able to:
1.04 recall that blood is a mixture of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets
1.05 describe the function of the blood in transport
- plasma carries hormones and small soluble molecules such as glucose, amino
acids and carbon dioxide
- red blood cells carry oxygen
1.06 describe the function of the blood in defence against infection
- white blood cells ingest bacteria and produce antibodies
- white blood cells, their function and relationship to their structure
- platelets bring about fibrin formation and the formation of a scab over a
wound
1.07
The nervous system
You should be able to:
1.07 describe how the path of a neurone relates to its function
1.08 describe the path of electrical impulses in a simple reflex arc
1.09 describe the role of the iris and pupil, retina and optic nerve in the iris reflex
1.10 explain the role of cornea, ciliary body, suspensory ligaments and lens in forming sharp images of near and distant objects on the retina
1.11 describe the main effects of
- solvents on lungs and neurones
- alcohol on reaction times, live and brain
- tobacco on respiratory and circulatory systems
1.12 understand how the use of drugs may
- affect activities such as driving
- produce abnormal behaviour
- create the risk of viral infections
1.13 recall the effects on the body of
- stimulants such as caffeine
- sedatives such as barbiturates
- pain killers such as paracetamol
1.14 describe the uses of paracetamol and the dangers of overdose
1.15 describe the uses of heroin in pain relief for terminally ill patients, and
the dangers of addition
The kidney
You should be able to:
1.16 understand that homeostasis is the maintenance of a constant internal environment
1.17 recall that body water content and body temperature are both examples of
homeostasis
1.18 recall that urea is made in the liver from excess amino acids
1.19 describe the structure and function of the urinary system, to include the
renal artery, renal vein, kidney, ureter, bladder and urethra
1.20 describe the structure and functions of the following parts of the nephron: to include Bowman’s (renal) capsule and
glomerulus, first and second coiled tube, capillary network and collecting
tubule, and include ultra filtration and reabsorption
1.21 describe how the hormone ADH controls the water content of the blood
The skin
You should be able to:
1.22 describe the function of the skin in defence against infection, to include
the outer layer of dead cells, the physical barrier to the environment and the
role of the oil glands
1.23 explain the function of the skin in the control of body temperature
- sweat glands release sweat that contains water and salts
- evaporation of water in sweat removes heat from the skin
1.24 recall that the skin contains capillary loops which affect blood flow in
the skin
1.25 explain the process of vasoconstriction and vasodilation in relation to
the control of body temperature
1.26 understand how vasodilation increases heat loss by radiation and convection
1.27 understand that shivering involves the movement of muscles which
releases heat
1.28 understand the importance of temperature in relation to enzyme activity
1.29 describe the function of the skin in the nervous system
1.30 recall that touch receptors and temperature receptors carry nerve impulses
to the brain along sensory nerves.