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GCSE Science A Second Edition 19 MODULE P1: THE EARTH IN THE UNIVERSE P1.2 How have the Earth’s continents moved, and with what consequences? 1. recall Wegener’s theory of continental drift and his evidence for it (geometric fit of continents and their matching fossils, mountain chains, and rocks); 2. understand how Wegener’s theory accounted for mountain building; 3. recall reasons for the rejection of Wegener’s theory by geologists of his time (movement of continents not detectable, Wegener an outsider to the community of geologists, too big an idea from limited evidence, simpler explanations of the same evidence); 4. understand that seafloor spreading is a consequence of movement of the solid mantle; 5. recall that seafloors spread by about 10 cm a year; 6. understand how seafloor spreading produces a pattern in the magnetism recorded in ocean floors, limited to reversals of the Earth’s magnetic field and solidification of molten magma at oceanic ridges; 7. recall that earthquakes, volcanoes and mountain building generally occur at the edges of tectonic plates; 8. understand how the movement of tectonic plates causes earthquakes, volcanoes, mountain building and contributes to the rock cycle; 9. recall some actions that public authorities can take to reduce damage caused by geohazards. 20 GCSE Science A Second Edition MODULE P1: THE EARTH IN THE UNIVERSE P1.3 What is known about stars and galaxies? 1. understand that what we know about distant stars and galaxies comes only from the radiation astronomers can detect; 2. understand that distance to stars can be measured using the relative brightness of stars or parallax (qualitative idea only); 3. understand that light pollution interferes with observations of the night sky; 4. recall that the Sun is a star in the Milky Way galaxy; 5. recall that there are thousands of millions of galaxies, each containing thousands of millions of stars, and that all of these make up the Universe; 6. recall that all stars have a life cycle; 7. recall that astronomers have detected planets around some nearby stars; 8. understand that, if even a small proportion of stars have planets, many scientists think that it is likely that life exists elsewhere in the Universe; 9. recall that no evidence of alien life (at present or in the past) has so far been detected; 10. recall that distant galaxies are moving away from us; 11. relate the distance of galaxies to the speed at which they are moving away; (Hubble’s law, but not redshift) 12. understand why the motions of galaxies suggests that Space itself is expanding; 13. recall that the Universe began with a ‘big bang’ about 14 thousand million years ago; 14. understand why the ultimate fate of the Universe is difficult to predict. 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